Tag: gold

  • Bank of England stopped gold leasing in 2008?

    Bank of England stopped gold leasing in 2008?

    Data on the Bank of England website suggest that the Bank of England stopped leasing gold in 2008. One of our readers (h/t: @freegolds) sent me this link to the Bank of England website, showing the amount of gold leased or on loan by the Bank of England Banking Department. We have converted the monthly figures from dollars to metric tonnes of gold, using the London Gold Fixings. The following chart shows how the Bank of England has gradually stopped gold leasing activities.

    As you can see from the chart below, the gold lending and swapping stopped in June 2008. That was right before the advanced economies were hit by the biggest crisis since the Great Depression. The chart starts in 1999, the year in which a number of central banks signed a joint statement on gold, known as the ‘Central Bank Gold Agreement’ (CBGA) or the ‘Washington Agreement on Gold’ (WAG).

    The Bank of England was one of the banks signing the statement back in 1999. In compliance with the Central Bank Gold Agreement, the Bank of England phased out the gold leasing practice.

    Update: For some reason, the Bank of England did not participate in the following three agreements, which were signed in 2004, 2009 and 2014.

    We would like to hear the thoughts of our readers on this!

    boe-gold-leasing

    The Bank of England stopped gold leasing in 2008, according to a data on their website

  • Guest Post: What is the natural and desirable value of gold?

    This article by Mike Montagne responds to Larry Larkin’s truly excellent question regarding the usefulness and function of gold and silver coins in a Mathematically Perfected Economy (MPE) and how precious metals can coexist in this new monetary system. It was published in January 2009 on the MPE blog.

    Let’s go over it a different way, and further endeavor to resolve the bounds of the future of gold holdings, should we transition to mathematically perfected economy™. These are the finer points of the several related issues:

    Those coins are not at all impermissible items of trade, for they would be things of value themselves; but they are not mathematically perfected currency™; and, by nature, they cannot and would not serve the same objectives/purposes, or be issued on the same principles.

    That does not mean they cannot coexist; in fact they can.

    But we would be in error to think they could serve all the purposes of mathematically perfected currency™, or even that the value of the coins should be perceived in some permanent way in terms of value as to introduce any factor of stability whatever; and our misunderstandings on these counts (forgetting the limitations and faults of a gold standard) paves the way for forfeiting principles which are vital to sustaining all the industry we are capable of. Particularly then, the intellectual and further danger is that those misunderstandings pave a way of potentially reverting to some at least of the very faults which we now suffer. All they give you on the other hand is an expensive token of value, which in fact itself is not stable.

    To this latter fault/fact then, I would insist the denomination of the coin not be defined in units of currency, but instead in units of weight and purity/substance. But none of this in then end, is altogether adverse to the holder of gold:

    In other words, by nature, the implementation of a currency altogether derives from an immutable obligation to deliver value, the instantiation and whole need of which serves cases where a) for one reason or another there is insufficient circulation (which cases involve potentially [and probably] vast volumes of circulation which no substance such as gold can sustain); and where therefore, b) a person or persons thus assumes an obligation to pay for some further production or equity. What mathematically perfected economy™ accomplishes therefore, in effect (in regard to the relevant senses), is c) in restoring to the individual or such persons collectively, their right to issue their promises to pay, free of extrinsic manipulation, adulteration, or exploitation of those promises, or the natural opportunity to make good on them… is mathematically perfected currency™ d) alleviates any need to “borrow” effectively from others (such as a central bank, or any other such “lending” entity); which in turn means e) there is never any shortage of money f) to sustain industry and g) to give the entire circulation permanent value from the point of its introduction onward, by virtue of the perpetual 1:1:1 relationship between the remaining circulation, remaining obligation, and remaining value of *all* represented property maintained by the obligatory schedule of payment of mathematically perfected economy™. Gold, or any such relatively finite substance cannot accomplish these objectives, because the finite volume precludes maintaining the perpetual 1:1:1 relationship. But of course, gold has value, and you can make it into a coin. Because this is a raw resource/material of relatively finite/limited supply and potentially vast demand, what you’re doing when you make it into a coin however is 1) you’re fixing its value if you do so in the conventional sense, even while 2) the demand *or other needs for it* may rise or fall; and 3) this itself cannot and should not imply consistency, or suggest (without qualification) 4) that we fix some ostensible value in terms of nominal units of currency to the coin. It *is represented* rightly in other words (and according to the intents of its holder), only by declaring its weight and substance. All this then is actually the desire of most people who *want* to see gold coin issued. They do not want a preconceived value to be imposed upon it; in fact that itself conflicts with the “free market” principle they usually advocate in conjunction with gold. The two are mutually exclusive: that is, i) to pretend we can attach a fixed value to gold when its costs of acquisition/harvesting, demand, and advent of more important uses are further factors which will compete for gold (and even dictate better purposes for it, than very expensive coin)… all these things are in fact adverse to the other, usually desired purpose, ii) that gold coin realize its full potential value. To be clear, I do not advocate the latter in the exploitative sense. In my opinion, the value of the resource should generally be determined by the cost of harvesting it (which of course may rise and fall itself, with a general tendency to rise, because of scarcity and difficulty of harvesting [as opposed to artificial appreciation or escalation of cost]). In the end then, we don’t really accomplish anything with gold coin, especially if we remember to recognize the fact its actual costs naturally vacillate, and most probably, due to scarcity and ever more difficult harvesting… usually to the upside. Recognizing the very principles which most holders of gold are interested in then, serves the holder by preserving that value not by abstract/artificial restriction to a pre-conceived value, but by expressing the gold as what it is — so many ounces of such and such purity of substance (or so many ounces of gold in the resultant substance). This is the expression which actually preserves the value of the gold to its holder; and we can so evaluate how this value is affected further by the artificial failure of the present currency and further factors, as opposed to those same factors under mathematically perfected economy™ and its currency: When or if you occupy all this gold unnecessarily as coin, you furthermore deprive the real markets and usages for gold of the supply they require, which further obfuscates cost if exploitation is involved (demand is leveraged into artificially high prices). Remembering all this; and deciding to rid ourselves of exploitation (unearned profit in addition to the exploitation of a currency which can only multiply debt into collapse), we suffer no adverse effects of gold coin whatever. But this is to observe then that the value or actual cost of that coin in one day is greater usually than so many days before, owing at least to the natural tendency for costs of extraction to be greater. There should be no such thing then as a $20 coin; there can only right be an X oz, Y purity coin, of value rightly determined at any moment generally by the costs of harvesting. Further cost or purported value cannot be exalted to our advantage any more so than it would be to our actual advantage that someone buy all the lumber produced or all the rice or corn produced, to exploit availability for unearned profit by their control of availability. As an ostensible/purported form of money then, gold involves the extreme disadvantage of comprising an extremely expensive currency, with no benefit whatever; and with its greatest and most practical value being its natural value instead. Its value even on that plateau however is not stable, never has been, and never should be; and this is not even the desire of anyone usually holding gold, for if it were, their desire can only be preserved in mathematically perfected currency™.

    But, observing these principles, can we circulate gold coin of a given weight and purity?

    Surely. Absolutely. And with no damage but that such a circulation deprives us of other desirable and effective usages (which injury may be substantial). After all, it is only in observing these principles that gold finds its natural value; and these principles alone therefore preserve the value of gold which rightly reward its holders. The unfortunate thing then would be for its holders, wanting only the most they can possibly get (versus to preserve their wealth), to oppose actual solution of all the issues, only to hold out on their aspiration at our cost. They may and probably will on the other hand lose out if they pursue that goal without embracing the consequences, because a broken economy can hardly afford gold.

    What is the natural and desirable value of gold?

    We can probably estimate where the value of gold should go in today’s “dollar” (perception of the falsified dollar, the units of which we yet are subject to in the sense that they represent the parts of all cost which are dedicated to the value/cost of our production as distinct from whatever else is dedicated to serving artificial debt. stocks-coinsI happen to live in an area with substantial active or potentially active gold mining, sales of claims, and so forth. Much of all this is relatively dormant because of course the overall costs of mining don’t justify the rewards. With the upward trends and projections, there was a substantial resumption of mining activity until fuel prices hit their recent peak. This can be said or thought at least to indicate where the price of gold justifies its “production” (harvesting). On its basic terms of justifying costs of production then, I would expect the *actual value* of gold to hold in the relative senses which are important to its holders at present, except that “if” the economy crashes, its value will probably actually fall, and maybe quite significantly, because you can’t eat gold, and because it sustains little vital industry. It is ironic that gold holders are so often against rectifying the economy then (if the latter projections hold), as I would think they would realize on the other hand that yes, while gold may, during the initial parts of the fall, hold or increase its relative value against the escalating devaluation of the dollar, still, should we allow that escalating devaluation under multiplication of debt flower into full fledged collapse, gold will have little leverage to claim any stake in sustenance. Of course, I don’t offer these ideas as opinions, but as projections of the very same principles that many gold buffs are counting on. I only project from those same facts that investment in gold will only work to the advantage of its holders against the falling dollar, until the back of the system is utterly broken. We’re getting pretty close to that now.

    So what would I project on the other hand if the system is rescued by relatively immediate transition to mathematically perfected economy?

    This in fact is where I see the holder of gold to come out the best. Maintaining the current price, against reduction of all other costs seems to me to be the greatest coup possible for the gold bug. In other words, I see our only way out to be the prices of our homes for instance falling to costs of production, from which are eradicated all along the line of harvesting resources and rendering them into production, all the costs of interest and artificial multiplication of debt. This of course not only eliminates the cost of interest on the principal loan for the home (for instance), it eliminates all such upstream costs as well, reducing the potential costs of homes to indeed our costs of production (work); and, in turn, making the wages of our work far more valuable insofar as how far they go. Suppose then that the value of gold is sustained because miners determine to mine on the wage they can take, which is what remains after costs of operation/extraction are subtracted from the present value/price of gold? So let’s take this to be roughly $1,000/oz as further developing circumstances may soon determined. At present then, an ounce of gold pays perhaps a month or just more against a $100,000 home. If the costs of homes escalate by temporarily and artificially rescuing “the housing market,” the value of gold falls, and potentially dramatically, even ostensibly “holding” its current “price” (actual falling relative value). If on the other hand we transitioned to mathematically perfected economy™ at some near term point, that $1,000 oz of gold pays for a full year of the same home ? something perhaps 10x what it does now. ecuador-gold-coinSo the greatest realization of the desires of the gold bug too are most plausible of course in the realization of mathematically perfected economy™. This probability of greatest benefit again is just the potential or probable math, based on the bounds of where either direction are bound to go. In my opinion, weighing the plausibilities of the two potential courses, everything possible points to *by far* the greatest possible and probable advantage to the holder of gold to be realized by immediate adoption of mathematically perfected economy™. Persistence in the present, imposed system (subject to further corruption/manipulation of “the value” of gold), has little potential upscale. If for instance, the dreams of the gold bug are realized in $2,000/oz prices, we see the near term potential doubled. Even not seeing that *potential* upside under the present system, the value of gold is immediately multiplied 10 fold. If the upside under present conditions is realized/manifested under mathematically perfected economy™ on the further hand, you see a 20 fold relative improvement in your investment. So those are the basic bounds of how I see all this shaking out for the gold bug.

  • Analysis: China marks gold reserve at market value

    Last Friday we wrote about China adding 19 tonnes of gold in the month of July. While that is an interesting development, it is just as remarkable to find out that China started marking it’s gold reserves to market value!

    In the past, the gold reserves were merely being reported in weight (troy ounces), but with the adoption of the IMF accounting rules China was required to express all reserves (including their gold hoard) in dollars. In this article we briefly explain what has changed and why it is so important to see China marking it’s gold reserves to market value from now on. Let’s take a step by step approach to this topic…

    Why did China adopt the IMF accounting principles?

    The central bank of China wants to include the yuan in the SDR, a form of reserves issued by the IMF which can be redeemed in dollars, euro’s, British pounds or Japanese yen. The SDR therefore acts as a substitute (or supplemental) gold reserve on the central bank balance sheet.

    The Chinese yuan is not included in the SDR at the moment, despite being the second largest economy in the world. China also made a lot of efforts to improve the convertibility and usability of the yuan in international trade and commerce, for example with various currency swaps and the opening of clearing houses throughout Asia and Europe. These clearing houses make it easier for trading partners to transact in yuan directly.

    China wants recognition of it’s status as a rising superpower, so it wants to hold a share in the basket of currencies which the SDR represents. But in order to get the yuan accepted by the IMF, China had to comply to certain requirements. One of them was to unveil statistics on their gold reserves and the other one was to adopt the accounting rules by the IMF, better known as the Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS).

    What are those Special Data Dissemination Standards?

    The SDDS is a set of accounting rules introduced by the IMF back in 1996 to get more transparency and consistency in the reporting of reserve assets by central banks. Countries which comply to these rules (73 in total, including many Western countries and most of the BRICS) have to periodically report to the IMF the size of their reserves. China does not comply to these rules yet, but plans to do so in the future. Chinese prime minister Xi Jinping showed his intention to adopt those standards during the G20 summit in Brisbane back in November 2014. Accepting the IMF accounting rules and opening up the Chinese financial markets should contribute to a broader acceptance of the yuan as an alternative worldwide trading currency to the US dollar. At the moment the US dollar still dominates in international trade settlements, but each year it is losing some of it's market share to the Chinese yuan. Especially in Russia and Africa the yuan is gaining ground as alternative currency for international trade.

    From gold weight to gold value

    Each month the Chinese central bank gave an update on the size of it's gold reserves (in troy ounces) and it's foreign exchange reserves (in dollars) on the SAFE website. It looked like this...

    china_gold_forex

    China added 19 tonnes of gold in July

    We write in past tence, because we couldn't find this table anymore on the SAFE website. The link to this file gives a blank page instead of the table shown above. The old accounting table has been replaced with a new one, which does comply to the IMF reporting standards...

    china_reserve_assets

    China no longer mentions weight, but market value of it's gold reserves on the balance sheet (h/t: @koosjansen)

    When we put these two tables side by side, we notice something interesting.. While China expanded it's gold reserves by 19 tonnes in July, the total value of the gold hoard dropped by about $3 billion... FOFOA did some calculations and came to the conclusion that China started marking it's gold reserves to market value. While the gold reserves were valued at $1.170,24 per troy ounce in June, they were valued at only $1.098,42 in July. These quotes are reasonably close to the goldprice fixing of both the last day and the last Friday of each month...

    london_fix_smaller

    Chinese gold reserves are valued at the London gold fixing

    Marked to market (MTM)

    This is quite strong evidence that China started valuing it's gold reserves at market value. But why is that so interesting?

    It is the recognition by the People's Bank of China that gold should be valued as a fully tradable reserve asset on the balance sheet, equal to the foreign exchange reserves. By adopting a mark to market gold policy, the Chinese central bank recognizes that gold should be valued by the free market and not by political force of governments trying to fix the price of gold to their currency (like in a gold standard).

    A central bank valuing it's gold to market value is a central bank recognizing the fact that currency cannot stand on equal footing to physical gold. A lesson from the history of mankind is that gold retains value over time, while currency loses value due to its expanding money supply. When you accept this fact, you realize that any attempt to fix the value of gold to currency is destined to fail sooner or later because the currency gets overvalued compared to the gold.

    Valuing gold reserves to market value is consistent with the first rule on the Central Bank Gold Agreement (CBGA), an agreement signed by 15 central banks back in 1999 (and renewed in 2004, 2009 and 2014).

    1. Gold will remain an important element of global monetary reserves.

    Eurosystem

    Euro_Gold_BarCoincidence or not, 1999 was the year of the introduction of the euro. Twelve European countries introduced a common currency, the first currency ever to be separated from both the nation state and gold. The birth of the euro was the result of lessons Europe has learned from two devastating World Wars and the failure of a monetary system based on the dollar as the new monetary anchor after the second World War.

    The member states of the euro sacrificed their sovereignty regarding monetary policy when they adopted the euro. The purpose of this was to protect the people against a new currency war between European countries. Competitive devaluations and exchange rate manipulation were thrown out of the 'toolbox' of national central banks.

    Member states of the euro zone decided to put their gold reserves on the Eurosystem balance sheet, not with the purpose of backing their the currency with gold, but in order to build a solid foundation of trust for the rest of the world.

    The success of the euro can be measured by the number of countries using the currency. Twelve countries started the euro project, now there are nineteen members! Despite all the negative articles in the media, seven countries made the decision to drop their own currency in exchange for the euro.

    Recommended articles: 

    Gold as wealth reserve

    The ECB was the first central bank to value it's gold reserves at market value, instead of a fixed value or weight denomination. Several countries have adopted this gold policy of marking gold reserves to market value. In 2006, Russia adopted a new strategy of buying gold and putting it on the balance sheet at the market value. This year China apparently adopted a similar policy regarding gold. By valuing gold reserves at market value, these central banks join the gradual shift from the current (dollar based) international monetary system to a new (gold based) monetary system. This is a slow transition, which looks like this...

    eurosystem-reserves-gold-v2

    From currency reserves to gold reserves

    russian-reserves-1999-2015

    Russia adopted the same policy in 2006 and increased it's gold reserves

    Pro Gold Bloc

    Europe, Russia and China have aligned their gold policy. Each of these countries recognizes gold as an important element of global reserves, valuing the metal at the free market price. The Eurasian Economic Bloc also appears to be aligned regarding the function of their gold reserves. This is what Dmitry Tulin from the Central Bank of Russia told Reuters back in May:
    "As you know we are increasing our gold holdings, although this comes with market risks. The price of gold swings, but on the other hand it is a 100 percent guarantee from legal and political risks."
    Elvira Nabiullina, governor of the Central Bank of Russia, wants to increase gold holdings even further:
    "Recent experiences forced us to reconsider some of our ideas about sufficient and comfortable levels of gold reserves."
    For China, it is the much of same story. In a recent press release on the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) website they give a clear explanation about why China has been buying gold:
    "Gold reserve has been a key part of countries' diversified international reserves and many central banks have gold as part of their international reserves. So does China. As a special asset with properties of financial assets and commodities, gold, together with other assets, is conducive to adjusting and optimizing the overall risk and return characteristics of the portfolios of international reserves.From the long-term and strategic perspectives, we will dynamically adjust the configuration of the portfolios of international reserves when necessary, to ensure the security, liquidity, value preservation and appreciation of international reserve assets."

    russian-goldbars

    Conclusion

    The fact that China started valuing gold reserves at market price is a significant step in demonetizing gold. A gold policy initiated by Europe has been adopted by both Russia and China, two rising economic superpowers on the Eurasian continent. They also recognize that gold should be valued by the free market and not at a price determined by the government. The United States on the other hand still values it's gold reserve at the historic rate of $42,22 per troy ounce. By valuing the precious metal at a ridiculously low price they neglect gold as an important element of global monetary reserves which can be used to settle international trade. This is not a surprise of course, because it is in the interest of the United States that the rest of the world keeps using (and saving) dollars instead of gold. But it is just a matter of time before countries drop the dollar and switch to a reserve that does not bear the mark of a specific country. Marking gold reserves to market value is an important step in the expected transition to a new monetary system. This transition has been on the radar of the smartest minds for decades... Recommended article: Footnote: This article is based in part on FOFOA's analysis, published on his subscription only blog www.freegoldspeakeasy.com. If you like these kind of articles, please subscribe to his blog ($110 for 6-month membership). Koos Jansen from Bullionstar discovered that China started marking gold reserves at market value, read his thoughts on this topic in his latest blogpost.

  • Switzerland already exported 600 tonnes of gold to Asia this year

    swiss-goldAsian countries together imported over 600 tonnes of gold in the first six months of this year, according to the latest figures from the Swiss Customs Administration. Despite the fact that gold exports to Asia have come down a little over the last few months, the total year-to-date is still on par with the amounts of gold exported in the first half of last year. A decline in the price of gold and the expectation of rising rates in the US so far didn’t impact gold demand in Asia to the downside.

    Asia keeps buying gold

    The countries importing the largest volumes of gold from Switzerland in June were India (21.48 tonnes), Hong Kong (15.91 tonnes), China (14.04 tonnes), Iran (12.85 tonnes) and Singapore (6.64 tonnes). With the exception of Iran, these are the countries importing the biggest volumes of gold on a very regular basis.

    Looking at the total exports of gold over the first six months of this year, we see India and Hong Kong in the lead with about 210 tonnes of gold imported each. China takes the third position, importing 137,5 tonnes of gold from Switzerland in the first half of this year. Singapore and Saudi-Arabia fill the fourth and fifth position with gold imports of 61 and 28,5 tonnes of gold respectively.

    From all the gold Switzerland has exported in the first half of 2015, more than 90% went to emerging Asian economies. All the other countries combined take up the remaining less that 10% of total gold buying from Switzerland. The first graph shows the monthly net gold exports, the second one shows the cumulative volume of the same exports.

    monthly-gold-exports-swiss-2015

    Monthly net gold exports from Switzerland

    cumulative-gold-exports-swiss-2015

    Total net gold exports from Switzerland in first half of 2015

  • So Who is Still Long in Gold?

    This article is from Armstrong Economics

    As you move into a major low, it is not about who is still long, it is who is short. As gold capitulates and spirals lower, the gold promoters are running out of nonsense to justify it rising while the world is declining. What happens is two aspects. Those who have been long lose their shirt, pants, house, wife, kids, the car, and the dog. The buy-every-dip-average-in advice becomes toxic, just as it did during the Great Depression in stocks – hold now for new highs by year-end is always the prediction. So yes, the investors married to the trade typically lose everything and when the cycle changes, they likely will not buy again unless new highs come into play for they will say, “No thanks, been there done that.” Any rational person can analyze the sales-pitch about fiat and hyperinflation and see that they existed for 19 years as gold declined. Such fundamental analysis scenarios always crumble to dust and fall to the ground for they are never true to the history of events.

    russia-kazakhstan-goldAt the top, the majority is long and they become the fuel to make any market crash and burn. Shorts and conspiracies do not force markets to decline; it is always the LONGS themselves. Someone whom is long sells because he cannot hold and each has a different pain threshold. The market crashes for there is no bid. It takes courage to try to catch a falling knife. Again, this applies to ALL markets. At the bottom, the opposite unfolds for everyone will be short. They will pile on looking for $600 gold and will count their profits upon entering the trade. They become the fuel to send the market higher for it always begins with a short-cover rally; people continually try to sell each rally, looking for that new low, just as the people at the top remain convinced that a decline would follow with new highs. So yes, the majority must always be wrong. That is how highs and lows are established. Going into the low, the vast majority of analysts will flip to bearish. Even the gold promoters will fade for nobody will listen to them again. Look, in 2011 when we warned gold would crash to under $1,000, every name in the book was hurled at us. Gold promoters refused to interview us or report the forecast. Many spent hours trying to say that they were right and we would be dead wrong. It was always cast as a war against fiat. Every excuse from no gold in Fort Knox, to market manipulation by banks, to China would be a real market and make its currency backed by gold as Shanghai destroyed paper gold. The scenarios were endless, but never realistic. Not one stitch of proof exists to point to such a scenario ever taking place in history. Yet they seriously hurt the market and ruined the financial future of many innocent people who trusted them. ONLY when the majority becomes bearish at the low do we reach that sweet spot, and it becomes time for a reversal of fortune. Then on the initial rally out of the ashes, nobody will believe it. Just look at Barron’s and how they reported our forecast back in 2011, stating that the stock market would make new highs. They did not believe that we would be correct because the majority was looking for new lows. When we predicted that the stock market would exceed the 2007 high, many laughed at us, just as they did when we predicted that the gold crash would unfold for 3 to 5 years.

    goldprice-15-years

    Goldprice over the last 15 years

    Source: Armstrongeconomics

  • Swiss Gold Exports to Asia: 1,200 tonnes in 2014

    Switzerland has exported 1,200 tonnes of gold to Asia in 2014, according to the latest data released by the Swiss Customs Administration. The biggest buyers of gold were in the Far East: India (471 tonnes), Hong Kong (367 tonnes) and Mainland China (213 tonnes). Singapore also got a lot of gold out of Switzerland last year, in total 128 tonnes. Saudi-Arabia came in fifth with net gold imports of 60 tonnes.

    gold-export-switzerland-2014

    Which countries imported gold from Switzerland in 2014?

    We didn’t only look at the gold trade figures per country, they went a step further and analyzed the gold flows between the main regions of the world. This analysis shows that, while most gold went to Asia, also a small amount of 74 tonnes was bought by the oil-producing countries in the Middle-East. The rest of the world was a net supplier of gold to Switzerland. Large suppliers of gold were Latin-American countries with 535 tonnes and African countries with 178 tonnes.

    net-gold-export-switzerland-2014

    Net gold exports from Switzerland: Asian countries bought 1200 tonnes of gold in 2014

    United Kingdom

    European countries exported a total of 670 tonnes to Switzerland, more than any other region. The European figure however is grossly inflated by the 620 tonnes of gold moving from the gold vaults in London to the gold vaults in Switzerland. Just like Switzerland, London is still a main hub for physical gold storage and trade. Since 2013 large volumes of gold physically stored in London are being sold by investors and banks. If we leave this number out, Europe exported almost 50 tonnes of gold to Switzerland in 2014.

    gold-import-switzerland-2014

    Which countries exported gold to Switzerland in 2014?

    Switzerland

    Switzerland is an important hub for physical gold storage and trade, because the country has a stable political and economical climate. The country is also well known for their friendliness towards foreign capital looking for a safe haven. Switzerland has many gold refineries and vaults and is capable of melting hundreds of tonnes of gold and storing many thousand tonnes of the precious metal. In 2014 a total of 122 countries traded gold or silver with Switzerland, the Swiss Customs data shows.

    Gold moving from West to East

    The numbers and graphs presented in this article confirm once again the flow of physical gold from developed countries in the West to surplus countries in the Middle East and Far East. African and Latin-American countries are producing a lot of gold these days, but they rarely keep the metal for themselves. Instead, they export it in huge quantities to more wealthy countries. The surplus countries in the East want to trade at least some of their foreign exchange reserves to something tangible like physical gold. They buy gold and will probably continue to do so in the near future. Related articles:

    Of Mutual Interest Gold Funds

    1,200 tonnes of gold moved from Switzerland to Asia in 2014

  • Graph: Dutch stock market in dollars, oil and gold

    The Dutch stock exchange jumped to more than 450 points after the QE announcement by the European Central Bank, the highest level since 2008. It is a remarkable rise, considering the fact that the stock market dropped below 400 points just a month ago! A ten percent rally over such a short period of time sounds impressive, but at the same time the euro dropped in value against the dollar. Was it just an exchange rate effect? Or did stocks also rally versus gold and oil? Marketupdate collected some data and made the following graph. The ratios are expressed as an index: 100 equals the valuations and ratios in September 1999. Click on the graph for a full screen version!

    aex-gold-oil-dollar

    Dutch stock market in dollars, oil and gold

    • Dutch stock exchange went down in dollars: The positive vibe in the Dutch stock exchange is overdone if you consider the exchange rate effect. While the stock market went up in euro (green line), it went down measured in dollars (blue line)!
    • Dutch stock market neutral in gold: When measured in gold, the Dutch stock market literally went nowhere over the past couple of months. A more positive explanation is that both went up at about the same rate. But if we look back all the way to 1999, we have to conclude that stocks lost quite some value against gold.
    • Oil is getting cheaper: The price of oil has been cut in half in less than six months, a trend which is clearly visible in this graph. While the ratio between stocks and gold remained stable, the value of stocks doubled when measured in oil. Since 1999, gold and oil traded within a narrow rage for most of the time, but something definitely changed in the last couple of months. During the last OPEC meeting, the oil producing countries decided to maintain full oil production. Earlier, during a G-20 meeting, both Saudi Arabia and Russia argued against using oil and gas as a political instrument. Since then, oil prices fell to the current cost of production.

  • Dutch central bank repatriates 130 tonnes of gold from the US

    The Netherlands has repatriated about 130 tonnes of their gold reserves, according to a press release published by the central bank. The gold was repatriated from the vaults of the Federal Reserve in New York back to the vault of ‘De Nederlandsche Bank’ in Amsterdam. This operation took several months and was done in complete secrecy. The Netherlands has a total gold reserve of about 612 metric tonnes, of which just 10% was located in Amsterdam. The majority of the Dutch gold reserves were held abroad for years: 50% in New York, 20% in Ottawa and 20% in London. Once the public got aware of this gold location policy, they put the central bank under pressure to bring back at least some of the gold held outside the Netherlands.

    The 130 tonnes of gold transported from New York to Amsterdam represent about 20% of the Dutch gold stock and has a current market value of almost €3,7 billion ($4,6 bln). From now on, about 30% of the Dutch gold will be stored in the Netherlands. A similar percentage stays in the US, while gold reserves held in Canada and the UK remain unchanged as well.

    The full press release on this secret gold repatriation by the Dutch central bank:

    DNB adjusts its gold stock location policy

    De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) has adjusted its gold stock location policy and has shipped gold from the United States to the Netherlands to spread its gold stock in a more balanced way.

    Under the previous policy, 11% of the gold stock was located in the Netherlands, 51% in the United States, with the remainder held in Canada (20%) and the United Kingdom (18%). Under the new policy, the breakdown by location is as follows: 31% in Amsterdam, 31% in New York, with the relative holdings in Ottawa and London remaining unchanged at 20% and 18%, respectively. Following this adjustment, DNB is in line with other central banks holding a greater part of their gold stock in their own countries. Beyond realising a more balanced distribution of the gold stock across the different locations, this may also have a positive effect on public confidence.

    Changing the distribution of the gold holdings across the different locations is not without precedent. From the end of the Second World War until the early 1970s, for example, DNB increased its gold reserves following the Bretton Woods Accord, mainly in New York. Since then, there have been other movements in DNB's gold stock. The main reasons for this being the gold sales in the past few decades and the closure of the vaults of the Reserve Bank of Australia, as a result of which DNB shipped gold from Australia to the United Kingdom in 2000.

    nederlands-goud

    Dutch central bank repatriates 130 tonnes of gold from the US

  • Gold export from Switzerland to Asia: 600 tonnes

    According to the latest figures by the Swiss Customs Administration, the country has exported a total of more than 600 tonnes of gold to Asia in the first half of this year. Since the start of this year, the Swiss Customs Administration is obliged to provide more detailed information on international gold and silver trade. Every month they publish an update on the volume of precious metals being exported to and imported from other countries. We documented the gold flow to Asia earlier this month, see this article.

    In the month of June, a net volume of 55,78 tonnes of yellow metal went from Switzerland to Asian countries, bringing the total gold exports to Asia for the first half of this year to 603,38 tonnes of gold. A small amount of gold found it’s destination in the Middle-East. Over the first half of this year, the net exports from Switzerland to the region were a modest 6,9 tonnes.

    The regions supplying Switzerland with gold in the first half of 2014 were Europe (395,21 tonnes), South-America (227,44 tonnes), North-America (111,33 tonnes) and Africa (87,9 tonnes). Central-Asia and Middle-America exported a net volume of 39,6 and 13,65 tonnes to Switzerland. The graph below clearly shows the flow of physical gold to Asia. The dark colored bars show the net flow of yellow metal from and to Switzerland in the first five months of the year. The light colored bars represent the volume traded in June. As you can see, the trend continued in the past month.

    Gold flowing to Asia through Switzerland

    Gold flowing to Asia through Switzerland

    Gold flows to Asia

    Question is which countries within Asia import so much precious metals from Switzerland. The following graph provides us with the answer. Most exports went to Hong Kong (239,37 tonnes), India (152 tonnes), China (88,93 tonnes) and Singapore (58,31 tonnes). A lot of the metal sent to Hong Kong is forwarded straight to China, as we know from the export numbers of the Hong Kong Census and Statistics department.

    Gold exports from Switzerland to Asian countries

    Gold exports from Switzerland to Asian countries

    These two charts clearly capture the flow of gold to the rising economic powers in Asia, especially China, India and Singapore. But an even more condensed version of this development is presented below. A great cartoon by Merk Investments..

    Gold as a weapon in a global currency war

    Gold as a weapon in a global currency war (Source: Merk Investments)

  • Graph: Gold flowing to Asia

    More and more gold is flowing towards the emerging economic powers in Asia. We do not conclude this based on just anecdotal evidence, but also based on the Chinese gold imports through Hong Kong and the increasing flow of gold out of Switzerland and the United Kongdom. In April, Marketupdate published a chart of the gold flows in and out of Switzerland from the first quarter of this year, based on new data published by the Swiss Customs Administration. The gold trade data from Switzerland is not new, but this is the first year in which the import and export figures are available for each country individually. This gave us the opportunity to perform a more detailed analysis on the Swiss gold trade.

    The following graphs show the net amount of gold flowing in and out of Switzerland during the first five months of this year. The first graph shows the countries which traded the largest amount of gold in Switzerland. The negative volumes represent the amount of gold flowing out of Switzerland to the country mentioned, while the positive bars show the amount of gold countries brought to the Swiss gold vaults. These results confirm the trend we have been talking about for a while now, the flow of physical gold to Asia and the Middle-East. This gold is mainly from ’the West’, more specifically the United States and the UK. The top five of countries getting gold out of Switzerland are Hong Kong, China, India, Singapore and Saudi-Arabia. The oil-producing countries also prove to have a strong appetite for physical gold, because the metal represents a long term store of value to them.

    Asian countries withdraw the largest amount of gold from Switzerland

    Asian countries withdraw the largest amount of gold from Switzerland

    Gold flowing to Asia and the Middle-East

    When we take the Swiss gold trade as a reference point for the gold market, we see a worldwide flow of gold towards Asia and the oil-producing countries in the Middle-East. When we combine the total trade volume between Switzerland and the rest of the world, we see a clear trend of gold moving from other continents towards the East. From January till May this year, a total volume of almost 550 tonnes of gold went from Switzerland to Asian countries. A significant volume of 33 tonnes of gold flowed from the Swiss vaults to the Middle-East region. Al other countries were busy supplying Switzerland with the precious yellow metal.

    Physical gold flowing to Asia and the Middle-East

    Physical gold flowing to Asia and the Middle-East

    Based on these figures, we cannot trace whether there is a direct relationship between the gold flow from Switzerland to Asia and the gold flow from other countries to Switzerland. But given the fact that Switzerland is an important trading hub for gold globally, we can draw the conclusion that the flow of gold to the East is still strong.

    United States

    This trend is, to a certain extent, comparable with the '50s and '60s of the twentieth century. After WWII the United States were very powerful and had a strong export capacity. Europe still had to recover from WWII and paid off their debts to the United States with their large gold hoards. Af the war, the US managed to expand their gold reserve from 9.000 to approximately 24.000 tonnes. After peaking in 1958, the US gold hoard started dwindling again. European countries became net exporters and accumulated dollar reserves, which in turn were exchanged for physical gold. Most of this gold trade was done on paper, since the European gold was still in the vaults of the Federal Reserve. The US gold hoard was dwindling fast, once it became clear the US couldn't deliver on its promise to pay gold at a fixed exchange rate of $35 per troy ounce. In 1971, Nixon abandoned the link between the dollar and gold.

    Now it looks like Asian is playing the role Europe played during the Bretton Woods system. First they accumulated dollar reserves by running a trade surplus with the US and Europe. Now they want value for their money and they started trading paper for gold. The question is: How will this end?

    In the late fifties, many European countries redeemed gold from the US, now the metal is moving to Asia

    In the late fifties, many European countries redeemed gold from the US, now the metal is moving to Asia

  • China imported less gold from Hong Kong in May

    According to the latest numbers figures by the Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, China has imported less gold in May. Net gold imports dropped from 67,04 tonnes in April to 52,61 tonnes of gold in May. Imports through Hong Kong have been falling since February and reached a 16-month low in May.

    The decline in imports could partially be explained by lower Chinese demand for gold, because the premium on the precious metal in China has dropped substantially in the past twelve months. Another explanation for the decline could be the increase in direct imports to Shanghai and Beijing. How much metal is imported directly remains unknown, since the Chinese government does not provide figures. Because of the increasing direct imports, we cannot make a good guess on the total Chinese import figure.

    China imported less gold in May

    China imported less gold in May

    Gold demand waning

    A gold trader explained to Reuters how gold futures in Shanghai are being traded at a discount to the international London gold price. This development suggests Chinese demand has cooled down somewhat from the 2013 high. Last year  Chinese bank imported a total of 1.158,15 tonnes of gold through Hong Kong, when the price of the yellow metal dropped the most in more than three decades. Since the beginning of this year, gold has advanced 10,9% in euro's and 13,5% in Chinese yuan. In many Asian countries it is common practice to buy physical gold as a hedge against currency devaluation. Last year, the Chinese bought a substantial amount of gold, after the price dropped more than 10% in just two days. Now the price is rising again, Chinese are less eager to purchase the metal. Source: Reuters